E A S Y E N G L I S H (A SELF STUDY MATERIAL FOR BASIC LEVEL) A. RAJENDRA PRASAD MAHALAXMI PUBLICATIONS H.No.1-10-189, Kalanagar, Beside: Govt. Civil Hospital, METPALLY Karimnagar Dist - 505 325. T.S. 1 www.paatashaala.in
2 This book is dedicated to my father Late Sri A. Ramchandram and my Easy English students. Also my special thanks to Professor Dr. Preethi R Kumar (P.S.T.U.)., Professor Dr. Anne Pothen (O.U) and Professor Dr. Sabitha (GITAM UNIVERSITY) who taught me English and made me to write this book . And also my special thanks for thier contributions to review my editorium, Dr.E.Rajakumar,KattaVenu (JL inEnglish, Yellareddypet), Gurrala Prem kumar, G. Kumaraswamy (S.A.in English), N.Purushottham (S.A.in English),V. Harinath (S.A.in English), E.Sridhar Kumar (S.A.in English), Suddala Sridhar (S.A.in English), E.Jayaprada (S.A.in English), Ch. Shobharani (S.A.in English), Gade Srinivas (S.A. in English),Y. VISWANATH (S.A.in English), G.Praveen.J.L.in English RJC., Metpally, G.Praveen SGT and S.Bharathkumar. Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this publication. Inspite of this, Any mistake, error or discrepancy noted may be brought to our notice which shall be taken in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publisher nor the author or sellers will be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any one, of any kind, in any manner, there from - A.PUNYAVATHI (PUBLISHER) MAHALAXMI PUBLICATIONS H.No.1-10-189, Kalanagar, Beside: Govt. Civil Hospital, METPALLY Karimnagar Dist - 505 325. T.S. www.paatashaala.in
3 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. FORE WORD BY AUTHOR 4 2. FORE WORDS BY WELL WISHERS 5,6,7 3. FABLE STORY FOR YOU 8 4. INTRODUCTION 10 5. LIST OF WORDS MOST COMMONLY USED IN DAILY ENGLISH 14 6. WORD ORDER 22 7. TYPES OF SENTENCES 26 8. STATIVE SENTENCES: STRUCTURE-1 27 9. ARTICLES 29 10. STATIVE SENTENCES: STRUCTURE-2 31 11. WORD CONJUGATIONS 36 12. TENSES 43 13. TENSES FUNCTIONS 44 14. TENSES FOUNDATION 50 15. VOICE ( ACTIVE VOICE) 66 16. PASSIVE VOICE 72 17. MODALS 78 18. BE STRUCTURES 84 19. THE CORRECT USE OF SOME PREPOSITIONS 90 20. DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH 94 21. QUESTION TAGS 100 22. SYNONYMS 101 23. ANTONYMS 103 24. PRONUNCIATION 105 25. POWER ENGLISH MINI STORY LESSONS 1. A WISE KING 109 2. NO GAINS WITHOUT PAINS 112 3. MAMA’S BOYS 114 www.paatashaala.in
4 FOREWORD English uÛ≤wü nH˚~ á s√E\˝À e÷qe J$‘·eTT˝À #ê˝≤ eTTK´ yÓTÆq bÕÁ‘· b˛wædüTÔqï~. ñ±\T dü+bÕ~+#·Tø=q{≤ìø√, Profession ˝À dü|òü\‘· kÕ~Û+#·{≤ìø√, v±Hês¡®q ô|+bı+~+#·Tø=qT≥ø√, Science and Technology ì develope #˚düT≈£îH˚+± ns¡úeTj˚T´ $± á |ü⁄düÔø±ìï s¡÷bı+~+#·&ÉeTT »]–+~. á |ü⁄düÔø£eTT eTTK´eTT>± Ç+^¢wt #·± ‘Ó\T>∑T MT&çj·TeTT $∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. eTqeTT Ç+^¢wt˝À e÷{≤¢&Ü\+fÒ yêø£´ ìsêàDeTT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*dæe⁄+&Ü*. yêø£´ ìsêàD≤\T ‘Ó*j·Tø£ #ê˝≤ eT+~ e÷{≤¢&É&ÜìøÏ ‘·&Éã&ÉT‘·÷ e⁄+{≤s¡T. á |ü⁄düÔø£eTT eTTK´eTT>± yêø£´ s¡#·q m˝≤ #˚j·÷* nH˚ n+XÊìøÏ ÅbÕ∑eTT sêyê\+fÒ yêø£´ s¡#·q‘√ bÕ≥T Ç+^¢wt˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Vacabulary, Expressions, Idioms, Pronunciation, Stress, Intonation, Rythem yÓTT∑Tq$ ‘Ó\T‡ø√yê*. á |ü⁄düÔø£eTT˝§ Pronunciation >∑T]+∫ ø=+#ÓeTT |ü]#·j·TeTT #˚j·T&Éj·TT »]–+~. Ç+^¢wtqT @± uÛ≤$dü÷Ô Åù|eT‘√, ÄdüøÏÔ‘√, ÅX¯
5 PROFESSOR Dr. ANNIE POTHEN MADAM (OSMANIA UNIVERSTY). www.paatashaala.in
6 Easy English is a resourceful book to the learners who aspire to learn basic English.The author A.Rajendra Prasad covers all the necessary basic grammatical ingredients in learning a language. As the book is bilingually written, the Telugu speaker can understand the elementary level languge to learn the nuances of the target language. It covers both traditional and functional English gram- mar, the reader can master communication effectively in English language. The book is so interesting that the English lan- guage learner does not drift away from the page but he/ she drives through the page. I congratulate the author A.Rajendra Prasad for tak- ing so much effort in writing this book.It would be another landmark of English language learning book for Telugu speak- ers. I wish him all the success in his future endeavours. I greatly appreciate his zest for English language teaching. god bless him. Hyderabad, Professor Sabitha 23/07/2016 . GITAM UNIVERSITY. PROFESSOR Dr. SABITHA MADAM www.paatashaala.in
9 eT∞fl ≈£î+
10 INTRODUCTION uÛ≤wü eTq uÛ≤yê\qT, Ä˝À#·q\T, ø√]ø£\T yÓTT∑Tq$ eTÚœø£+>±ì (e÷≥\ ±ì (Áyêùd~) ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd~ n+fÒ uÛ≤wü eTqeTT e÷{≤¢&˚~ eT]j·TT Áyêùd~ nqïe÷≥. @ uÛ≤wü ˝ÀHÓ’q nqs¡Zfi¯eTT>± e÷{≤¢&Ü\+fÒ Ä uÛ≤wü˝À yê&ÉT kÕ
11 n$ 1. NOUN 2. PRONOUN 3. ADJECTIVE 4. VERB 5. ADVERB 6. PREPOSITION 7. CONJUCTION 8. INTERJECTION. 1. NOUN eTqwüß´\T, edüTÔe⁄\T, »+‘·Te⁄\T, düú˝≤\T, yêsê\T, q±) >± e⁄qï ù|s¡T qT dü÷∫+#·TqT. Common Noun nq>± düs¡«kÕe÷q´+>± e´eVü≤]+#·T ù|s¡T qT dü÷∫+#˚~. ñ± ˇø£ ù|s¡T qT dü÷∫+#·TqT ø±e⁄q Proper Noun ne⁄‘·T+~ eT]j·TT girl nH˚~ düs¡«kÕe÷q´+>± n+∑T]+∫ ñ± e⁄+~. POSSESSION:- Proper Noun \≈£î ( ’s ) qT ø£*|æ Áyêdæq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä Noun jÓTTø£ÿ ÄBÛqeTT˝Àì~ ˝Ò± ø±≈£î+&É Áb˛>∑T>±H√, eTT±H√, Á
12 5.Abstract Noun :- >∑TDeTT\ ù|s¡T¢,#·÷&É˝Òì, ‘êø£˝Òì, s¡T∫#·÷&É˝Òì, dæ∆‘·T\ ù|s¡T¢, dü+^‘·eTT, kÕVæ≤‘·´eTT e+{Ï XÊÁdüÔeTT\ ˝Òø£ ø£fi¯\ ù|s¡T¢ yÓTT∑Tq$ Abstract Noun >± dü÷∫kÕÔs¡T. ñ∑Tì >±ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT e÷≥\qT Adjective n+
13 ADVERBIALS ADVERB OF TIME:- ˇø£ yêø£´eTT ˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\T »s¡T>∑T ø±\eTTqT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q$. Ç$ ‘When’ nqT Å|üX¯ï≈£î düe÷± e#·TÃqT. Example: now, then, since, ago, before, already, soon, presently, immediately, instantly, easy, late, today, tomarrow, yes- terday, afterwards etc. ADVERB OF PLACE :- ˇø£ yêø£´eTT ˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\T mø£ÿ&É »s¡T>∑Tq~ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q$. Ç$ ‘Where’ nqT Å|üX¯ï≈£î düe÷± e#·TÃqT.Example: here, There, in, out, within, without, above, below, far, near, inside, outside et., ADVERB OF MANNER :- ˇø£ yêø£´eTT ˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\T @ Ø‹˝À »s¡T–q$ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q~. Ç$ ‘How and In what matter’ nqT Å|üX¯ï≈£î düe÷± e#·TÃqT.Example: this, so, well, ill, badly, probably, certainly, slowly, sadly etc. 6. PREPOSITION ˇø£ Noun øÏ >±ì, Pronoun øÏ >±ì eTT+
14 LIST OF WORDS MOST COMMONLY USED IN DAILY ENGLISH This(~dt) R Ç~ That(
15 Have (Vü≤yé)R ø£*Zj·TT+&ÉT≥ Has (Vü≤dt)Rø£*Zj·TT+&ÉT≥ By (u…’)Re\¢,>∑T+&É, ∑T]+∫ Against(mπ>HÓdtº)R $s¡T± Behind(_ôV’≤+&é)R yÓqTø£ Beyond(_j·÷+&é)R ne‘·\ During(&É÷´]+>¥)R n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Near(ìj·TsY)R ∑Zs¡ Afterwards(Ä|òüºsYesY¶‡)R ‘·sê«‘· Again(n¬>sTTHé)R eT∞fl Almost(Ä˝ŸyÓ÷dtº)R
16 Able(mãT˝Ÿ)R kÕeTs¡úeTT >∑\ Accept(n¬ø‡|tº)R n+^ø£]+#·T Accompany(nø£+|üì)R≈£L&Éb˛e⁄ Action(Äø£åHé)R |üì, ø±s¡´eTT Actually(nø£Ã«*¢)R ì»eTT>± Add(Ä&é)R ≈£Ls¡TÃ≥ Afraid(nÅô|ò’&é)Rãj·T|ü&ÉT Agree(nÅ^)R ˇ|ü⁄Œø=qT≥ Allergy(n\Ø®)R $ø±s¡eTT Allow(n˝À)R n+^ø£]+#·T≥ Alone(n˝ÀHé)R ˇ+≥]>± Already(Ä˝Ÿs¡&ç)ReTTqTù| Although(Ä˝À›)RnsTTq|üŒ{ÏøÏ Angry(j·÷+Å^)R ø√|üeTT Annoy(nHêjYT)R u≤~+#·T≥ Apartment(nbÕsYºyÓT+{Ÿ)R uÛÑeqeTT Appear(n|æŒj·TsY)R n>∑T|ü&ÉT Approach(nÅb˛#Y)R ∑Zs¡øÏ e#·TÃ≥ Arrive(n¬s’yé)Re#·TÃ≥ Ask(Ädtÿ)Rn&ÉT>∑T≥ Back(u≤´ø˘)R yÓqTø£ Bad(u≤´&é)R #Ó&ÉT Bug(ã>¥)R q*¢ Ball(u≤˝Ÿ)R ã+‹ Basket(u≤ôdÿ{Ÿ)R >∑+|ü Bathe(u≤‘Y)R kÕïqeTT Batteries(u≤´≥Ødt)R u≤´≥Ø\T Bean(;Hé)R∫≈£îÿ&ÉTø±j·T Beard(_j·TsY¶)R >∑&ɶ+ Beautiful(ã÷´{Ï|òü⁄˝Ÿ)R n+∑T≥ Begin(_–Hé)R Äs¡+_Û+#·T≥ Believe(_©yé)R qeTàø£eTT Bet(u…{Ÿ)R |ü+∑T&ç¶ Blood(ã¢&é)R s¡ø£ÔeTT Borrow(u≤s√)R n|ü⁄ŒrdüTø=qT≥Bosom(uÀdüyéT)RÄ+‘·s¡´eTT Bowl(u§e⁄˝Ÿ)R –HÓï Brain(Åu…sTTHé)R yÓT¥)R ‘Ó#·TÃ≥ Broke(ÅuÀø˘)R |ü>∑T\ø=≥Tº≥ Build(_˝Ÿ¶)R ì]à+#·T Burn(ãsYï)R ø±\TÃ≥,ø±\T≥ Busy(_J)R |üì˝Àe⁄+&ÉT Buy(ãjYT)R ø=qT≥ Call(ø±˝Ÿ)R |æ\T#·T≥ Come(ø£yéT)R e#·TÃ≥ Care(πøsY)R uÛÑű e⁄+#·Tø=qT≥Carry(ø±´])R ‘Ó#·TÃ≥ Catch(ø±´#Y)R |ü≥Tºø=qT≥ Certainly(dü¬sº˙¢)R ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&É www.paatashaala.in
17 Chance(#êHé‡)R jÓ÷>∑eTT Change(#˚+CŸ)R e÷s¡TŒ Cheap(NÛ|t)R #·eø£ Check(#Óø˘)R Ä|ü⁄≥ Chase(#Û˚CŸ)R y˚≥ Child(#Ó’˝Ÿ¶)R |æ\¢yê&ÉT Choose(#·÷CŸ)R @s¡Tø=qT≥ Clean(ø°¢Hé)R X¯óÅuÛÑeTT>± #˚j·TT Climb(ø£¢sTT+uŸ)R m≈£îÿ≥ Close(ø√¢CŸ)R eT÷j·TT≥ Cloudy(ø£¢e⁄&ç)R eTãT“>± Comb(ø√+uŸ)R ∑&ÉeTT Corrupt(ø£s¡|tº)R n$˙‹ Convinient(ø£ì«HÓ+{Ÿ)R nqT≈£L\yÓTÆq Cook(≈£îø˘)R e+&ÉT≥ Correct(ø£¬sø˘º)R düe]+#·T≥ Cost(ø±dtº)R yÓ\, ∑eTqeTT, ø√s¡T‡ Crash(Åø±wt)R >∑T± #˚j·TT≥ Done(&ÉHé)R nsTTb˛sTTq Down(&ÍHé)R øÏ+± Downfall(&ÍHébòÕ˝Ÿ)R HêX¯qeTT Dough(&É|òt)R |ædæøÏq |æ+&ç Drag(Å&Ü>¥)R ˝≤>∑T≥ Dream(Å&ûyéT)R ø£\ Drive(Å&ÉsTTyé)R q&ÉT|ü⁄≥ Dry(Å&Ó’)R m+&çq www.paatashaala.in
18 Early(m]¢)R ‘=+± Earning(m]ï+>¥)R dü+bÕ~+#·T≥ Eat(á{Ÿ)R ‹qT≥ Effort(m|òüsYº)R Å|üj·T‘·ïeTT Elavator(m\yÓ≥sY)R *|òtº Embarrased(m+u≤sY‡&é)R∫ø±≈£î|ü&ÉT≥ Enough(mq|òt)R dü]b˛jÓT+‘· Enter(m+≥sY)R ˝ÀìøÏÅ|üy˚•+#·T Entrance(m+Å≥Hé‡)R ˝ÀìøÏ =qT≥ Finish(|òæìwt)R|üP]Ô#˚j·TT≥ Flag(bòÕ¢>¥)R »+&Ü Flat(bòÕ¢{Ÿ)R#·=qT≥ Funny(|òü˙ï)R$H√{Ÿ)Rbı+±¢&é)Rdü+‘√wüô|≥Tº≥ Goal(>√˝Ÿ)R>∑T] Ground(Å>ö+&é)RyÓTÆ∑÷|t)R>∑T+|ü⁄,düeTTVü≤eTT Grow(Å>√)Rô|s¡T>∑Tdtº)Rn‹~ Happy(Vü≤´|æ)R dü+‘√wüeTT Heavy(ôV≤$)RuÛ≤s¡yÓTÆq Hight(ôV’≤{Ÿ)Rm‘·ÔsTTq www.paatashaala.in
19 Help(ôV≤˝ŸŒ)R düVü‰j·TeTT Hike(ôV’≤ø˘)R ô|s¡T>∑T≥ Hold(ôVQ˝Ÿ¶)R |ü≥Tº≥, ‘ê≈£î≥ Hope(ôVQ|t)R ÄX¯ Hungry(Vü≤+Å^)RÄø£* Hurt(Vü≤sYº)RuÛ≤=qT Jewish(C…$wt)R|ædæHê] Keep(ø°|t)R ñ+#·Tø=qT≥ Kill(øÏ˝Ÿ)R #·+|ü⁄≥ Knife(HÓ’|òt)R ø£‹Ô Know(H=)R‘Ó\TdüTø=qT≥ Large(˝≤sY®)R ô|
20 Play(ô|¢)R Ä&ÉT≥ Pleasant(|”¢dü+{Ÿ)R eTH√Vü≤s¡yÓTÆq Poor(|üPsY)R ù|dt)Rn_Ûeè~› Pronounce(ÅbıHÍHé‡)R ñ#êäs¡D Protect(Åbıf…ø˘º)R ø±bÕ&ÉT≥ Province(Åbı$Hé‡)R ± Receipt(]dæ|tº)R s¡d”{Ÿ)R |üXÊÑêÔ|üeTT Remember(]yÓT+ãsY)R >∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø=qT≥ Remind(]yÓTÆ+&é)R>∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø=qT≥ Repair(]ù|sY)Ru≤>∑T #˚dæq Repeat(]|”{Ÿ)ReT[fl#˚j·TT≥ Replace(]ù|¢dt)Rj·T
21 Shut(wü{Ÿ)R eT÷düTø=qT≥ Sick(dæø˘)R nHês√>∑´eTT bÕ\e&ÉeTT Situation(dæ#˚«wüHé)Rdæú‹ Skill(dæÿ˝Ÿ)R kÕeTs¡úeTT, ≈£îX¯\‘· Sleep(d”¢|t)R|ü&ÉTø=q&ÉeTT Slow(k˛¢)RyÓT*¢>± Smell(ôdà˝Ÿ)Ryêdüq Smile(düàsTT˝Ÿ)R qe⁄« Smoke(k˛àø˘)R bı>∑ Sneeze(d”ïCŸ)R ‘·TeTTà≥ Sour(k˛e⁄sY)R |ü⁄\¢ì Speak(d”Œø˘)Re÷{≤¢&ÉT≥ Spell(ôdŒ˝Ÿ)R #Ó|ü⁄Œ≥ Spend(ôdŒ+&é)R Ks¡TÃ#˚j·TT≥ Stay(ùdº)R e⁄+&ÉT≥ Steak(d”ºø˘)R e÷+düK+&ÉeTT Steal(d”º˝Ÿ)R ∑T≥ Watch(yê#Y)R m∑ Wish($wt)R ø√]ø£ Work(esYÿ)R |üì Worse(esY‡)R $TøÏÿ* #Ó&ɶ Worst(es¡wtº)R $TøÏÿ* #Ó‘·ÔsTTq Write(¬s’{Ÿ)R Åyêj·TT≥ Yawn (j·÷Hé)R Äe*+‘· www.paatashaala.in
22 WORD ORDER @ uÛ≤wü˝ÀHÓ’q ˇø£ yêø£´eTT(Sentence) jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡úeTT Ä yêø£´eTT˝Àì |ü∑eTT) (ø£s¡Ô uÛ≤>∑eTT) (ø£s¡Ô uÛ≤>∑eTT) :- yêø£´eTT˝À me]ì ˝Ò∑eTT ÁøÏj·÷ uÛ≤>∑eTT ÁøÏj·÷ uÛ≤>∑eTT ÁøÏj·÷ uÛ≤>∑eTT ÁøÏj·÷ uÛ≤>∑eTT) :- yêø£´eTT˝À SUBJECT jÓTTø£ÿ |üP]Ô düe÷#ês¡eTT ( dæú‹ (STATE)>∑T]+∫ >±ì, dü+|òüT≥q\ (EVENTS)>∑T]+∫ >±ì ˝Ò∑T]+∫) ‘Ó*j·T CÒj·TT uÛ≤>∑eTT. ñ∑eTì+∫qf…Æ¢‘˚ Ç+± ‘·qTï≥ nqT |üìøÏ ªsêeTT&ÉTμ ø£s¡Ô (SUBJECT) nsTT e⁄Hêï&Éqïe÷≥. sêeTT&ÉT @$T #˚kÕ&É+fÒ ªã+‹ì ‘·HÓïqTμ nì #ÓbÕÔeTT. Ç~ ÁøÏj·÷ uÛ≤>∑eTT(PREDICATE) nqïe÷≥. á PREDICATE uÛ≤>∑eTT˝À ‘·qTï≥ www.paatashaala.in
23 nH˚~ ÁøÏj·T (VERB) ne⁄‘·T+~. n+‘˚>±ø£ ‘·qTï≥ e\¢ |òü*‘·eTT me]ô|’q |ü&ç+~ n+fÒ ªã+‹μ ô|’ n+{≤eTT. Çø£ÿ&É ã+‹ ø£s¡à(OBJECT) >± nsTTe⁄+~. kÕ± SUBJECT uÛ≤>∑+˝À PARTS OF SPEECH ˝Àì NOUN >±ì ˝Ò±ì eTTK´ |ü± e⁄+{≤sTT. kÕ± PREDICATE uÛ≤>∑+˝À VERB eTTK´ |ü± e⁄+≥T+~. ø=ìï ø=ìï dü+±ì, PRONOUN >±ì j·TT+&Ée#·TÃ. COMPLEMENTS:- PREDICATE uÛ≤>∑eTT˝À VERB ‘√ bÕ≥T OBJECT e⁄qïqT ˝Ò≈£îqïqT ÅøÏj·T jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡úeTTqT |üP]Ô#˚j·TT≥≈£î yê&ÉT |ü± ADJECTIVE >±ì, NOUN >±ì, PRONOUN >±ì, ADVERB OF PLACE OR TIME >±ì, PREPOSITION PHRASES >±ì e⁄+&Ée#·TÃ. ˇø£ yêø£´eTT˝À SUBJECT, VERB ‘√bÕ≥T OBJECT e⁄+fÒ Ä VERB ì TRANSITIVE VERB nì, SUBJECT, VERB ‘√bÕ≥T OBJECT ˝Òqf…Æ¢‘˚ INTRANSITIVE VERB n+{≤s¡T. www.paatashaala.in
24 ˇø£ yêø£´eTT˝À OBJECT ì m˝≤ ø£qTø√ÿyê*? ˇø£ yêø£´eTT˝À OBJECT e⁄qï~ ˝Òì~ ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\+fÒ Ä yêø£´eTT˝À VERB eTT+
25 ñ∑T uÛ≤wü˝À Subject ‘√ yÓTT
26 TYPES OF SENTENCES ( yêø±´\ s¡ø±\T) ( yêø±´\ s¡ø±\T) ( yêø±´\ s¡ø±\T) ( yêø±´\ s¡ø±\T) ( yêø±´\ s¡ø±\T) Ç+^¢wt uÛ≤wü˝À yêø±´\qT Hê\T>∑T s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ 1. Assertive Sentence 2.Imperative Sentence 3.Interrogative Sentence 4.Exclamatory Sentence. Assertive Sentence :- ˇø£ $wüj·TeTT ne⁄qìjÓ÷, ø±± ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q|ü⁄&ÉT n{Ϻ yêø£´eTTqT Assertive Sentence n+
29 Is she sita?( Äy˚T d”‘·Hê? ) Yes, she is.( ne⁄qT, ÄyÓTH˚) No she isn’t sita.(ø±
29 ARTICLES edüTÔe⁄\, düú˝≤\, e´≈£îÔ\ uÛ≤yê\qT dü÷∫+#˚ Noun @±H√ ˝Ò±qT dü÷∫+#˚ English Words ì Articles n+
30 ‘an’:--“an” nH˚~ Vowel Sound (n#·TÃ\
32 Are there books in the book shelf? ãTø˘ ôw˝ŸŒ¤ ˝À ãTø˘‡ e⁄Hêïj·÷? Yes, There are books in the book shelf. ne⁄qT, ãTø˘ ôw˝ŸŒ¤ ˝À ãTø˘‡ e⁄HêïsTT. Are there books in the bedroom? u…&é s¡÷yéT¤ ˝À ãTø˘‡ e⁄Hêïj·÷? No, There are not books in the bedroom. ˝Ò
33 I HE YOU SHE HAVE HAS WE IT THEY RAM Ram has a beautiful house.sêyéT n+± e⁄+~. Krishna has a new car. ÅøÏwüí Åø=‘·Ô ø±s¡Tì ø£*Zj·TTHêï&ÉT. Krishna’s car is new.ÅøÏwüí jÓTTø£ÿ ø±s¡T Åø=‘·Ô~. I have a magazine. He has a magazine. H˚qT yês¡ |üÅ‹ø£qT ø£*Zj·TTHêïqT. n‘·&ÉT yês¡ |üÅ‹ø£qT ø£*Zj·TTHêï&ÉT. We have computers. She has a computer. y˚TeTT ø£+|üP´≥s¡¢ì ø£*Zj·TTHêïeTT. ÄyÓT ø£+|üP´≥]ï ø£*Zj·TTqï~. You have gold chain. It has long tail. ˙e⁄ ã+>±s¡T >=\TdüT ø£*Zj·TTHêïe⁄. Ç~ ô|
I have the wrong number. H˚qT ‘·|ü⁄Œ dü+K´ ø£*Zj·TTHêïqT. I don’t have the wrong number. H˚qT ‘·|ü⁄Œ dü+K´ qT ø£*Z˝ÒqT. Do I have the wrong number? Yes, You do. H˚qT ‘·|ü⁄Œ dü+K´ ø£*Zj·TTHêïHê? ne⁄qT, ˙e⁄ ø£*Zj·TTHêïe⁄. Do I have the right number? No, You don’t. H˚qT dü]jÓÆTq dü+K´ ø£*Zj·TTHêïHê? ˝Ò
35 They have a big hall. yês¡T ˇø£ ô|
36 WORD CONJUGATIONS Verb Table ì ø£+sƒ¡düÔeTT #˚j·T+&ç Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tense(V2) Past Participle(V3) abide ì*∫e⁄+&ÉT≥ abode abode abuse ‹≥Tº≥ abused abused alight ~>∑T≥ alight alight arise y˚T˝§ÿqT≥ arose arisen awake ˝Ò#·T≥ awoke awoken be e⁄+&ÉT≥ was/ were been bear uÛÑ]+#·T bore borne beat ø=≥Tº≥ beat beaten become n>∑T≥ become became beget ø£\T>∑CÒdüT≥ begot begotten begin ÅbÕs¡+_Û+#·T began begun begird #·T≥Tºø=qT≥ begirt begirt behold #·÷#·T≥ beheld beheld belay ø£≥Tº≥ belaid belaid bend e+#·T≥ bent bent bereave qwüº|üs¡T#·T≥ bereaved bereaved beseech Åã‹e÷\T besought besought beset q\TÅ|üø£ÿ\ beset beset #·÷#·T≥ bestrew sTT#·TÃ≥ bestrwed bestrwed bet |ü+
WORD CONJUGATIONS Verb Table ì ø£+sƒ¡düÔeTT #˚j·T+&ç Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tense(V2) Past Participle(V3) bite ø£s¡T#·T bit bitten blend ø£\T|ü⁄ blent blent bless B$+#·T blessed blessed blow >±*M#·T blew blown break |ü>∑T\>=≥Tº broke broken breed ø£qT, ô|+#·T bred bred bring ‘Ó#·TÃ≥ brought brought broadcast Å|ükÕs¡eTT #˚j·TT broadcasted broadcasted build ì]à+#·T built built burn eT+&ÉT≥ burned burned buy ø=qT≥ bought bought cast z≥Ty˚j·TT cast cast catch |ü≥Tº≥ caught caught chide ‹≥Tº≥ chid chidden choose m+#·Tø=qT chose choosen cleave |ü>∑T\>=≥Tº clove cloven climb m≈£îÿ≥ climbed climbed cling n+≥Tø=ìj·TT+&ÉT clung clung come e#·TÃ≥ came come cost Ks¡TÃ#˚j·TT≥ cost cost creep ÅbÕ≈£î≥ crept crept cut ø√j·TT≥ cut cut dare kÕVü≤dæ+#·T dared dared deal es¡Ôø£eTT #˚j·TT dealt dealt dig Å‘·e⁄«≥ dug dug 37 www.paatashaala.in
38 discribe e]¿+#·T discribed discribed disprove ø={Ϻy˚j·TT≥ disproved disproved dive eTTì– ˝À‘·T˝§b˛e⁄ dived dived do #˚j·TT≥ did done draw ^j·TT≥ drew drawn dream ø£\>∑qT dreamt dreamt drink Å‘ê>∑T≥ drank drunk drive q&ÉT|ü⁄≥ drove driven dwell ìedæ+#·T dwelt dwelt eat ‹qT≥ ate eaten engird q&ÉTeTT ø£≥Tº≥ engirt engirt escape ‘·|æŒ+#·T ø=qT≥ escaped escaped fall |ü&ÉT≥ fell fallen feed ‹ì|æ+#·T≥ fed fed feel uÛ≤$+#·T felt felt fight b˛sê&ÉT fought fought find ø£qT>=qT found found flay $eT]Ù+#·T≥ flayed flayed flee bÕ]b˛e⁄ fled fled fling bÕs¡y˚j·TT flung flung fly m>∑Ts¡T≥ flew flown forecast eTT+± }Væ≤+∫ forecasted forecasted #Ó|ü⁄Œ≥ forget eT]∫b˛e⁄≥ forgot forgotten forgive ø£å$T+#·T forgave forgiven forsake e~* y˚j·TT≥ forsook forsaken fraught ì+&çq fraughted fraughted Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tences)V2) Past Patyivipslr(V3) www.paatashaala.in
39 Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tences)V2) Past Patyivipslr(V3) freeze >∑&ɶø£≥Tº froze frozen get bı+∑T≥ grew grown hang Åy˚˝≤&ÉT hung hung have/has ø£*–j·TT+&ÉT had had hear $qT≥ heard heard hide ∑T+&ÉT≥ hid hidden hit ø=≥Tº hit hit hold |ü≥Tºø=qT≥ held held hurt >±j·T|üs¡T#·T hurt hurt inspire dü÷Œ]Ôì#·Tà inspired inspired involve CÀø£´eTT #˚düTø=qT involved involved keep e⁄+#·T≥ kept kept kneel yÓ÷ø£]+#·T knelt knelt knit eTT&çy˚j·TT knit knit know ‘Ó\TdüT≥ knew known lay y˚j·TT≥ laid laid lead Å‘√e#·÷|ü⁄ led led lean ÄqTø=qT leaned leaned lie nã=≥Tºø=qT lost lost make #˚j·TT≥ made made mean ns¡ú$T#·Tà meant meant www.paatashaala.in
40 Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tences)V2) Past Patyivipslr(V3) melt ø£s¡T–+#·T melted melted mistake bıs¡bÕ≥T mistook mistaken pay #Ó*¢+#·T paid paid plead yê~+#·T≥ pled pled praise yÓT#·TÃø=qT praised praised pray ÅbÕ]ú+#·T prayed prayed prove ìs¡÷|æ+#·T≥ proved proved put ñ+#·T≥ put put quit $&ç∫ô|≥Tº≥ quit quit read #·∑T≥,˝Ò#·T≥ rose risen run |üs¡T¬>‘·TÔ≥ ran run saw #·÷#·T≥ sawed sawed say #Ó|ü⁄Œ≥ said said see #·÷#·T≥ saw seen seek ø√s¡T≥ sought sought sell neTTà≥ sold sold send |ü+|ü⁄≥ sent sent set neTs¡TÃ≥ set set shake eDT≈£î≥ shook shaken shine Å|üø±•+#·T≥ shone shone shut eT÷dæy˚j·TT shut shut www.paatashaala.in
41 Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tences)V2) Past Patyivipslr(V3) show #·÷|ü⁄≥ showed shown shrink eTT&ÉT#·Tø=qT≥ shrank shrunk shrive bÕ|ü $eTT≈£îÔìï#˚j·TT shrove shriven shift e÷]Ãy˚j·TT shifted shifted sing bÕ&ÉT≥ sang sung sit ≈£Ls=ÃqT sat sat slay #·+|ü⁄, e~+#·T slew slain sleep ìÅ~+#·T slept slept sling $düTs¡T≥ slung slung slit ø√j·TT, N\Tà slit slit smell yêdüq #·÷#·T smelled smelled soothsay n\T¢|ü≥Tº≥ soothsaid soothsaid speak e÷{≤¢&ÉT≥ spoke spoken speed y˚>∑+>± b˛e⁄ speeded speeded spell ñ#·Ã¤]+#·T spelled spelled spend Ks¡TÃ#˚j·TT spent spent spin e&ÉT≈£î≥ span spun spit ñ$Tày˚j·TT spitted spitted split N\Tà split split spread $düÔ]+#·T spread spread spring yÓTT\#·T≥ sprang sprung stand ì\ã&ÉT stood stood steal
42 Verb(V1) Meaning Past Tences)V2) Past Patyivipslr(V3) stide Å‘=≈£îÿ≥ strode sridden strike düyÓTà#˚j·TT struck stricken strip ~>∑+uÛÑs¡eT>∑T≥ stripped stripped strive rÅeeTT>± strove striven Å|üj·T‹ï+#·T sweep }&ÉTà swept swept swell yê#·T≥ swelled swollen swing }>∑T≥ swung swung take rdæø=qT took taken teach uÛÀ~+#·T tought tought tear ∫+#·T≥ tore torn tell #Ó|ü⁄Œ≥ told told think Ä˝À∫+#·T thought thought thrive u≤>∑T|ü&ÉT≥ throve thriven throw $düTs¡T≥ throw thrown tread Å‘=≈£îÿ trod trodden wake y˚T˝§ÿqT≥ woke woken weave H˚j·TT≥ wove worn weep @&ÉTÃ≥ wept wept win ¬>\T|ü⁄ won won wit H˚HÓs¡T>∑T
43 Dear Friends .......Ç|ü⁄&ÉT #ê˝≤ C≤Å>∑‘·Ô>± Observe #˚j·T+&ç m+± edüTÔ+
TENSES FUNCTIONS eTqeTT eTT+±H˚ H˚s¡TÃ≈£îHêïeTT>± English Language jÓTTø£ÿ Structure S+V+O s¡÷|ü+˝À e⁄+≥T+
1.3 Functin : Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ »]–q $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT. (rdæø=HêïqT(Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚), rdæø=HêïeTT(Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚), rdæø=Hêïe⁄(Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚), rdæø=Hêï&ÉT(Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚),rdüTø=+~(Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚)) S V O S V O I He We She They have V3 -- It has V3 -- You Rani Raju ñ
46 2.2 Function : >∑‘·eTT˝À @∑T‘·Tqï≥T¢ #Óù|Œ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(rdæø=qT#·T+{Ïì ,rdæø=qT#·T+{Ï$T, rdæø=qT#·T+{Ï], rdæø=qT#·T+{Ï$) S V O S V O I We He They were V1+ing -- She was V1+ing -- You It Rani ñ
2.4 Function : >∑‘·eTT˝À n+‘·≈£î eTT+ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+{Ïì, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+≥$T, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+{Ï], rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+{Ï$) S V O I We They You had been V1+ing -- He She It Rani ñ∑T‘êsTT nH˚ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷ –kÕÔeTT.(rôd
S V O I We shall be V1+ing -- They You will be V1+ing -- He She It ñ∑\eTT, rdæj·TT+&É>∑\s¡T, rdæj·TT+&É>∑\e⁄, rdæj·TT+&É>∑\&ÉT, rdæj·TT+&É>∑\∑\qT, rdü÷Ôe⁄+&É>∑\eTT, rdü÷Ôe⁄+&É>∑\s¡T, rdü÷Ôe⁄+&É>∑\e⁄, rdü÷Ôe⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT, rdü÷Ôe⁄+&É>∑\
49 3.4 Function : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y ˝À n+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\qT, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+&É>∑\eTT, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+&É>∑\s¡T, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+&É>∑\e⁄, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT, rdü÷ÔH˚e⁄+&É>∑\
TENSES FOUNDATIONS 1.PRESENT TENSE : ( Å|üdüTÔ‘· ø±\eTT ) 1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT : n\yê≥T>± ˝Ò $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi¯‘êqT, yÓfi¯‘ês¡T, yÓfi¯‘ês¡T, yÓfi¯‘·~) 1.1 FOUNDATION : I,WE,THEY,YOU øÏ V1, HE, SHE, IT øÏV1+S e#·TÃqT. (GO-WENT-GONE) ne⁄qT. ø±
1.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS : Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi¯óÔHêïqT, yÓfi¯óÔHêïs¡T, yÓfi¯óÔHêïe⁄, yÓfi¯óÔqï~) 1.2 FOUNDATION : I øÏ am e∫à V1+ing e#·TÃqT. WE,THEY,YOU øÏ are e∫à V1+ing e#·TÃqT HE, SHE, IT øÏ is e∫à V1+ing e#·TÃqT ne⁄qT. ø±
1.3 PRESENT PERFECT : Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ »]–q $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi≤flqT, yÓfi≤fleTT, yÓfi≤fle⁄, yÓfi≤fl&ÉT,yÓ[fl+~) 1.3 FOUNDATION : I,WE,THEY,YOU øÏ haveV3, HE, SHE, IT øÏ have V3 e#·TÃqT. ne⁄qT. ø±
1.4 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS : Ç+‘·≈£î eTT+
2. PAST TENSE : uÛÑ÷‘· ø±\eTT : 2.1 PAST SIMPLE : ìqï, yÓTTqï n˝≤ »]–q $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ |üjÓTT–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi≤flqT, yÓfi≤fleTT, yÓfi≤fle⁄, yÓfi≤fl&ÉT,yÓ[fl+~) 2.1 FOUNDATION : I,WE,THEY,YOU, HE, SHE, IT øÏV2 e#·TÃqT. ne⁄qT. ø±
2.2 PAST CONTINUOUS : >∑‘·eTT˝À @∑T‘·Tqï≥T¢ #Óù|Œ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi¯ófl#·T+{Ïì ,yÓfi¯ófl #·T+{Ï$T, yÓfi¯ófl#·T+{Ï], yÓfi¯ófl#·T+{Ï$, yÓfi¯ófl#·T+&ÓqT) FOUNDATION : I,HE,SHE,IT øÏWAS e∫à V1+ing eT]j·TT WE,THEY,YOU øÏ WERE e∫à V1+ing e#·TÃqT. ne⁄qT. ø±
2.3 PAST PERFECT : >∑‘·eTT˝À n+‘·≈£îeTT+
2.4 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: >∑‘·eTT˝À n+‘·≈£î eTT+ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT. (yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚e⁄+{Ïì,yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚e⁄+{Ï$T,yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚ e⁄+&ç], yÓfi¯ó fl#·÷H˚e⁄+{Ï$, yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚e⁄+&ÓqT) 2.4 FOUNDATION : I,WE,THEY,YOU,HE,SHE, IT øÏ HAD BEEN e∫ÃV1+ing e#·TÃqT. ne⁄qT. ø±
Had She been going? Hadn’t Shebeen going? ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚e⁄+&ÓHê? ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ófl#·÷H˚e⁄+&ç˝Ò
3.2 FUTURE CONTINUOUS : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y ˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ e⁄+{≤sTT nH˚ $wüj·÷\ yê{ÏøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT.(yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\qT, yÓfi¯ó ‘·÷ e⁄+&É>∑\eTT, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\s¡T, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\e⁄, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\∑\eTT. y˚TeTT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&ÉeTT. They will be going. They won’t be going. yês¡T yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\s¡T. yês¡T yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&És¡T. You will be going. You won’t be going. ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\e⁄. ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&Ée⁄. He will be going. He won’t be going. n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É&ÉT. She will be going. She won’t be going. ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\∑\∑\Hê? y˚TeTT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\e÷? Will they be going? Will you be going? yês¡T yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+{≤sê? ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\yê? Will he be going? Will she be going? n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\&Ü? ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷e⁄+&É>∑\∑\
3.3 FUTURE PERFECT : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y ˝À n+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\qT, yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\eTT, yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\s¡T, yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\e⁄, yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\&ÉT, yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\∑\eTT. y˚TeTT yÓ[flj·TT+&ÉeTT. They will have gone. They won’t have gone. yês¡T yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\s¡T. yês¡T yÓ[flj·TT+&És¡T. You will have gone. You won’t have gone. ˙e⁄ yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\e⁄. ˙e⁄ yÓ[flj·TT+&Ée⁄. He will have gone. He won’t have gone. n‘·&ÉT yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT yÓ[flj·TT+&É&ÉT. She will have gone. She won’t have gone. ÄyÓT yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\∑\sê?) Will you have gone?(˙e⁄ yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\yê?) Will he have gone?(n‘·&ÉT yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\&Ü?) Will she have gone?(ÄyÓT yÓ[flj·TT+&É>∑\∑\
3.4 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y ˝À n+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\qT, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚ e⁄+&É>∑\ ∑eTT, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\s¡T, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\e⁄, yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT, yÓfi¯ó ‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\∑\eTT. y˚TeTT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&ÉeTT. They will have been going. They will haven’t been going. yês¡T yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\s¡T. yês¡T yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&És¡T. You will have been going. You will haven’t been going. ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\e⁄. ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&Ée⁄. He will have been going. He will haven’t been going. n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É&ÉT. She will have been going. She will haven’t been going. ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\∑\sê? ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\yê? Will he have been going? Will she have been going? n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\&Ü? ÄyÓT yÓfi¯ó‘·÷H˚e⁄+&É>∑\∑\
REMIND TENSES TABLE Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense Simple(1.1) Simple(2.1) Simple(3.1) Continuous(1.2) Continuous(2.2) Continuous(3.2) Perfect(1.3) Perfect(2.3) Perfect(3.3) Perfect Perfect Perfect Continuous(1.4) Continuous(2.4) Continuous(3.4) EXERCISE CHANGE TENSES Point out the verb tenses and change the tense as directed in the following sentence and rewrite in your note book. Two examples are given for you to know.(Verb Tense ì >∑T]Ô+∫ dü÷∫+∫q $± MT H√{Ÿ ãTø˘ ˝À e÷s¡TŒ#˚dæ ‹]– Åyêj·T>∑\s¡T. MT≈£î ‘Ó*j·T&ÉeTT >∑÷]à ¬s+&ÉT ñ∑T‘·T+~. ñ
8. I don’t go there.(1.2.,1.3) 9. Do we live here.(1.2.,1.3) 10. Do I go their house.(1.2.,1.3) 12. Doesn’t he fly to Dubai?(1.2.,1.3) 13. Raju has a car but he dont use it very often.(1.2.,1.3) 14. Sita speakes four languages.(1.2.,1.3) 15. Do you always getup early?(1.2.,1.3) 16. Does she like chocolate?(1.2.,1.3) 17. I play cricket.(1.2.,1.4) 18. I go to school every day.(1.3.,1.2) 19. we write a letter .(1.2.,1.4) 20. I read a book.(1.2.,1.3) 21. I getup early in the morning.(1.3.,1.4) 22. He posts a letter to his father.(1.3.,1.2) 23. I watch films everyday.(1.2.,1.4) 24 She is writting a novel.(1.1.,1.3) 25. He gives us a party for every success.(1.2.,1.4) 26. I have been waiting for you since morning.(1.1.,1.3) 27. I go to school now.(1.3.,1.2) 28. I play games every day.(1.2.,1.4) 29. We live in karimnagar.(1.3.,1.4) 30. They are going to party.(1.1.,1.3) 31. I have done tha work.(1.1.,1.3) 32. He goes to hyderabad(1.3.,1.4) 33. She is sleeping on the bed.(1.1.,1.3) 34. He is reading a book.(1.1.,1.4) 35. He is going to dance classes.(1.1..,1.3) 36. I worked in a bank.(2.2.,2.4) 37. Yesterday it rained all morning.(2.3.,2.4) 38. We enjoyed party last night.(2.2.,2.3) 39. The party finished at midnight.(2.3.,2.4) 40. We did lot of work yesterday.(2.3.,2.4) 41. I cleaned my teeth three times yesterday.(2.3.,2.4) 42. He went to work by car.(2.3.,2.4) 43. I played volley ball yesterday.(2.3.,2.4) 44. She lost her keys last night.(2.3.,2.4) 45. This morning he went to the cinema.(2.2.,2.3) 63 www.paatashaala.in
46. I went to the market.(2.3.,2.4) 47. He came to my house.(2.3.,2.4) 48. He was watching T.V.(2.3.,2.4) 49. They went for a morning walk.(2.3.,2.4) 50. I had gone to the school.(2.3.,2.4) 51. I was not going there.(2.3.,2.4) 52. We had completed our studies.(2.2.,2.3) 53. She was shivering.(2.3.,2.4) 54. I tought at school.(2.3.,2.4) 55. We had a lot of fun.(2.1.,2.2) 56. I was working at 10.30 last night.(2.3.,2.4) 57. She was playing tennis.(2.3.,2.4) 58. She stopped the game.(2.2.,2.3) 59. Where were you living in 1990.(2.3.,2.4) 60. Jack read a book yesterday.(2.3.,2.4) 61. I cleaned my room one time yesterday.(2.3.,2.4) 62. I had brushed my theeth, I took my break fast.(2.3.,2.4) 63. I had been doing this for many years.(2.1.,2.2) 64. They watched match yesterday evening.(2.3.,2.4) 65. Raju will pass the exam.(3.2.,3.3) 66. We will win tha game.(3.2.,3.4) 67. Rahul will like his parents.(3.2.,3.4) 68. They won’t get married.(3.2.,3.3) 69. You won’t enjoy the film.(3.2.,3.3) 70. I will phone to you tomarrow.(3.2.,3.3) 71. I will go to bed early to night.(3.2.,3.3) 72. Shall I phone you this evening.(3.2.,3.3) 73. Shall we go for walk?(3.2.,3.3) 74. Your bag is very heavy. I will carry for you.(3.2.,3.3) 75. I don’t think I will go out.(3.2.,3.3) 76. Shall I open the winsow?(3.2.,3.3) 77. Shall I turn off the television?(3.2.,3.3) 78. Where shall we go?(3.2.,3.3) 79. I will go to the school.(3.2.,3.3) 80. We will woek tomrrow(3.2.,3.3) 81. I will be going the movie.(3.1.,3.3) 64 www.paatashaala.in
82. Our exam will start in 10 minutes.(3.2.,3.4) 83. The bank will process his loan by tomarrow.(3.2.,3.3) 84. My niece will start school when he is 5.(3.2.,3.3) 85. I will answer this Question.(3.3.,3.4) 86. I will speak in your favour.(3.2.,3.4) 87. She will be writting for this chance.(3.1.,3.3) 88. I shall have finish this work by that time.(3.1.,3.2) 89. They will be doing this work in the next week.(3.1) 90. Next week we will be shifting to our new house(3.1) 91. I will have graduated by that time.(3.1.,3.2) 92. Our car will have run 200 kms by end of next day.(3.1) 93. My friends will have been cooking for an hour.(3.1) 94. Sita will have been livingwiht us for 5 years by 2016.(3.1.,3.2) 95.They will have completed the task by evening. (3.1.,3.2) 96. Our office will remain closed on friday in account of holi.(3.2.,3.3) 65 www.paatashaala.in
VOICE ˇø£ yêø£´eTT˝À SUBJECT |üìì #˚j·TT#·Tqï
ACTIVE VOICE EXAMPLES. 1) I.PRESENT TENSE.(Flay =$eT]Ù+#·T≥) $eT]Ù+#·T≥) $eT]Ù+#·T≥) $eT]Ù+#·T≥) $eT]Ù+#·T≥) 1.1. They flay the union government. yês¡T πø+Å
2.4.They had been flaying the union government at that time. yês¡T πø+Å
1.2. The Coach is inspiring me. •ø£å≈£î&ÉT qqTï Åù|πs|ædüTÔHêï&ÉT. 1.3. The Coach has inspired me. •ø£å≈£î&ÉT qqTï Åù|πs|æ+#ê&ÉT.(Ç+‘·≈£î eTT+
1.2. We are organizing the seminar. y˚TeTT ôd$THêsY qT @s¡Œs¡TdüTÔHêïeTT. 1.3. We have organized the seminar. y˚TeTT ôd$THêsY qT @s¡Œs¡∫HêeTT.(Ç+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\eTT. 3.3. We shall have organized the seminar. y˚TeTT ôd$THêsY qT @s¡Œs¡T∫j·TT+&É>∑\eTT. 3.4. We shall have been organizing the seminar. y˚TeTT ôd$THêsY qT @s¡Œs¡TdüTÔH˚j·TT+&É>∑\eTT. 4) I.PRESENT TENSE.(Create =düèwæº+#·T≥) düèwæº+#·T≥) düèwæº+#·T≥) düèwæº+#·T≥) düèwæº+#·T≥) 1.1. He creates many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæºkÕÔ&ÉT. He doesn’t create many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæº+#·˝Ò&ÉT. 70 www.paatashaala.in
1.2. He is creating many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæºdüTÔHêï&ÉT. 1.3. He has created many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæº+#ÓqT.(Ç|ü⁄&˚) 1.4. He has been creating many jobs since 4 months. n‘·&ÉT Hê\T>∑T HÓ\\ qT+&ç #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæºdü÷ÔH˚e⁄Hêï&ÉT. II.PAST TENSE.(Created =düèwæº+#ÓqT) düèwæº+#ÓqT) düèwæº+#ÓqT) düèwæº+#ÓqT) düèwæº+#ÓqT) 2.1. He created many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæº+#ÓqT. He didn’t created many jobs. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T düèwæº+#·˝Ò&ÉT. 2.2. He was creating many jobs at that time.. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T n|ü⁄&ÉT düèwæºdüTÔj·TTHêï&ÉT. 2.3. He had created many jobs before that. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T n+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\&ÉT. 3.2. He will be creating many jobs at that time. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T n|ü⁄&ÉT düèwæºdü÷Ôe⁄+{≤&ÉT. 3.3. He will have created many jobs before that. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T n+‘·≈£î eTT+∑\&ÉT. 3.4. He will have been creating many jobs at that time.. n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ñ±\T n|ü⁄&ÉT düèwæºdü÷ÔH˚j·TT+&É>∑\&ÉT. 71 www.paatashaala.in
72 :PASSIVE VOICE: ACTIVE VOICE qT+&ç PASSIVE VOICE ≈£î Change #˚j·TTq|ü⁄&ÉT Pronouns á |ü{Ϻø£ ˝À e÷~]>± e÷s¡TqT. A.V. P.V. P.V. A.V I ME WE US THEY THEM YOU YOU HE HIM SHE HER IT IT n+‘˚ ø±≈£î+&É A.V. yêø£´eTT˝À e⁄qï SUBJECT P.V. ˝À OB- JECT >± e÷s¡TqT. eT]j·TT A.V.˝À e⁄qï OBJECT P.V. ˝À SUBJECT >± e÷s¡TqT. Ä˝≤ e÷]q SUBJECT yÓ+≥H˚ ‘·–q Be form ÅøÏ+±ì, Agent( e´øÏÔ >±ì, edüTÔe⁄ >±ì #·s¡´ #˚ùd~) rdüTø√yê*. :PASSIVE VOICE BE FORM TABLE : Tense I We They,You He, She, It Singular Plural Plural Singular 1.1 am are are is 1.2 am being are being are being is being 1.3 have been have been have been has been 2.1 was were were was 2.2 was being were being were being was being 2.3 had been had been had been had been 3.1 shall be shall be will be will be 3.3 shall have shall have will have will have been been been been www.paatashaala.in
PASSIVE VOICE EXAMPLES Q 1. They flay the union government. yês¡T πø+Å
1.2 The seminar is being organized by us. 1.3 The seminar has been organized by us. 2.1 The seminar was organized by us. 2.2 The seminar was being organized by us. 2.3 The seminar had been organized by us. 3.1 The seminar will be organized by us. 3.3 The seminar will have been organized by us. Q 4. He creates many jobs. 1.1 Many jobs are created by him. 1.2 Many jobs are being created by him. 1.3 Many jobs have been created by him. 2.1 Many jobs were created by him. 2.2 Many jobs were being created by him. 2.3 Many jobs had been created by him. 3.1 Many jobs will be created by him. 3.3 Many jobs will have been created by him. Çø£ÿ&É eTq≈£î ˇø£ Çø£ÿ&É eTq≈£î ˇø£ Çø£ÿ&É eTq≈£î ˇø£ Çø£ÿ&É eTq≈£î ˇø£ Çø£ÿ&É eTq≈£î ˇø£ Doubt sêe#·Tà ˇø£ yêø£´eTT jÓTø£ÿ sêe#·Tà ˇø£ yêø£´eTT jÓTø£ÿ sêe#·Tà ˇø£ yêø£´eTT jÓTø£ÿ sêe#·Tà ˇø£ yêø£´eTT jÓTø£ÿ sêe#·Tà ˇø£ yêø£´eTT jÓTø£ÿ ns¡úeTT |üs¡+>± m˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT ns¡úeTT |üs¡+>± m˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT ns¡úeTT |üs¡+>± m˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT ns¡úeTT |üs¡+>± m˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT ns¡úeTT |üs¡+>± m˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT PASSIVE VOICE m+
1. SUBJECT IS UNKNOWN / OBIVIOUS / NOT IMPORTANT : Subject eTq≈£î ‘Ó*j·Tq|ü⁄&ÉT, düŒwüºeTT>± ˝Òq|ü⁄&ÉT, n+‘·>± eTTK´yÓTÆq~ ø±q|ü⁄&ÉT n+fÒ eTq≈£î ˇø£ #·s¡´ mes¡T #˚kÕs√ ‘Ó*j·Tq|ü⁄&ÉT >±ì, ˇø£ #·s¡´ mes¡T #˚kÕs√ düŒwüºeTT>± ‘Ó*j·Tq|ü⁄&ÉT >±ì, Subject n+‘·>± eTTK´yÓTÆq~ >±q|ü⁄&ÉT eTqeTT Passive voice qT ñ |üjÓ÷–+#ê* Example1: The cat ate the rat. á yêø£´eTT˝À Subject The cat nì, ate nH˚~ Verb nì, rat nH˚~ Object nì eTq≈£î ‘Ó\T‡. Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á yêø£´eTT Passive form ˝À ÅyêùdÔ Object nH˚~ Subject >± e÷s¡TqT. The rat was eaten.(by the cat.) á yêø£´eTT˝À Subject the rat nH˚~ #·s¡´ qT recieve #˚düTø=+≥T+~. eaten nH˚~ Verb >± e⁄+&ÉTqT. by the cat nH˚~ n+‘· eTTK´eTT>±± j·TT+&Éø£ Agent( e´øÏÔ >±ì, edüTÔe⁄ >±ì #·s¡´ #˚ùd~) >± j·TT+&ÉTqT. á Agent n+‘·>± eTTK´eTT ø±q|ü⁄&ÉT e~*y˚j·Te#·TÃ. Example2: The building was vandalised. (vandalise= |ü>∑T\ø=≥Tº≥) á Passive voice yêø£´eTT˝À uÛÑeqeTT ì mes¡T |ü>∑T\>={≤ºs√ ‘Ó*j·T± mes¡T delivere #˚kÕs√ ‘Ó*j·TfÒ¢
Active form: He did A then he did B after he did C. á yêø£´eTT Ok Basic Sentence (Active Voice) u≤>±H˚ e⁄+~ ø±ì Bì˝À Subject Shift #˚ùdÔ yêø£´eTT Ç+ø± u≤>∑T+≥T+~ n+
˝Òø£b˛‘˚ MT Ä˝À#·q ˇø£ $± e⁄+&ç Ç+ø√ Ä˝À#·q y˚s¡T>± j·TTqï≥¢sTT‘˚ #·~y˚ yê]øÏ dü]>± ns¡úeTT ø±
78 MODALS can, could, may, might will, would, shall, should, must, need, dare and ought nqT Verbs qT Modal Verbs ˝Òø£ Modal Auxilaries nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. Mìì Ordinary Verbs eTT+∑‘·eTT˝À eTq≈£î e⁄qï kÕeTsêú´ìï ‘Ó*j·T#˚j·TT≥≈£î Could qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.( We use Can to Express our ability and we use Could to exprss past ability). Examples: I can speak English fluently. H˚qT Ç+^¢wt ˝À nqs¡Zfi¯eTT>± e÷{≤¢&É>∑\qT. I can drive the car. H˚qT ø±s¡TqT q&ÉT|ü>∑\qT. I can write essays in English. H˚qT Ç+^¢wt˝À yê´kÕ\T Åyêj·T>∑\qT. He can dance. n‘·&ÉT qè‘·´eTT #˚j·T>∑\&ÉT. I could help them. H˚qT yê]øÏ düVü‰j·TeTT #˚j·T>∑*>±qT. I could convince them. H˚qT yê]ì ˇ|æŒ+#·>∑*>±qT. They could pass 10th class. yês¡T |ü∑‹ bÕdt ø±>∑*>±s¡T. Kavitha could do homework. ø£$‘· Ç+{Ï|üì #˚j·T>∑*–+~. May / Might :---- Uncertinity(nì•Ã‹)---- dü+
79 He may invites us. n‘·&ÉT eTq*ï ÄVü‰«ì+#·e#·TÃ. May I come in sir? düsY H˚qT ˝ÀìøÏ sêe#êÃ? May I help you?. H˚qT MT≈£î düVü‰j·TeTT #˚j·Te#êÃ? He might come now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT sêe#·TÃ.(sêe#·Tà ˝Ò
80 Ought to:- Moral obligation(HÓ’‹ø£ u≤∑\&ÉT. He cannot explain these lessons now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]+#·˝Ò&ÉT. He may explain these lessons now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]+#·e#·TÃ. He may not explain these lessons now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]+#·ø£ b˛e#·TÃ. He should explain these lessons now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]+#ê*.(K∫Ñ·eTT>±) He should not explain these lessons now. n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]+#·≈£L&É
81 These lessons cannot be explained by him now. n‘·ì #˚‘· Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\T $e]+#·ã&É˝Òe⁄. These lessons may be explained by him now. n‘·ì #˚‘· Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\T $e]+#·ã&Ée#·TÃ. These lessons may not be explained by him now. n‘·ì #˚‘· Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\T $e]+#·ã&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ. These lessons should be explained by him now. n‘·ì #˚‘· Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\T $e]+#·ã&Ü*.(K∫Ñ·eTT>±) These lessons should not be explained by him now. n‘·ì #˚‘· Ç|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\T $e]+#·ã&ɱ) He should not be explaining these lessons at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]dü÷Ôe⁄+&É&ÉT. He ought to be explaining these lessons at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]dü÷Ôe⁄+&çrsê*. He ought not to be explaining these lessons at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT á bÕsƒê\qT $e]dü÷Ôe⁄+&É≈£L&É
82 3.3 (A.V) He will have explained these lessons before that. n‘·&ÉT n+‘·≈£î eTT+
83 These lessons ought to have been explained by him before that. n‘·ì #˚‘· n+‘·≈£î eTT+
84 BE STRUCTURES á Be Structures qT #·~y˚ eTT+± e⁄+~) She is not sincere.( ÄyÓT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Ò± e⁄+~) It is not sincere.( Ç~ ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Ò± e⁄Hêïs¡T) They are not sincere.( yês¡T ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Òs¡T) We are sincere.( y˚TeTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄HêïeTT) We are not sincere.( y˚TeTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝ÒeTT) You are sincere. ( ˙e⁄ ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄Hêïe⁄) You are not sincere.( ˙e⁄ ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Òe⁄) www.paatashaala.in
85 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 4B.S: I have been sincere since last May. H˚qT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄HêïqT. I have not been sincere since last May. H˚qT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝ÒqT. We have been sincere since last May. y˚TeTT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄HêïeTT. We have not been sincere since last May. y˚TeTT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝ÒeTT. They have been sincere since last May. yês¡T y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêïs¡T. They have not been sincere since last May. yês¡T y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Òs¡T. You have been sincere since last May. MTs¡T y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêïs¡T. You have not been sincere since last May. MTs¡T y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Òs¡T. He has been sincere since last May. n‘·&ÉT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêï&ÉT. He has not been sincere since last May. n‘·&ÉT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Ò&ÉT. She has been sincere since last May. ÄyÓT y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+~. She has not been sincere since last May. Äy˚T y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Ò± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+~. It has not been sincere since last May. n~ y˚T qT+&ç ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Ò± e⁄Hêïe⁄. I was not sincere last year. H˚qT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝ÒqT. He was sincere last year. H˚qT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄Hêïe⁄. www.paatashaala.in
86 He was not sincere last year. n‘·&ÉT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Ò&ÉT. She was sincere last year. ÄyÓT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄|üï~. She was not sincere last year. ÄyÓT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Ò± e⁄qï~. It was not sincere last year. n~ ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Ò± e⁄Hêïs¡T. They were not sincere last year. yês¡T ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Òs¡T. We were sincere last year. y˚TeTT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄HêïeTT. We were not sincere last year. y˚TeTT ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝ÒeTT. You were sincere last year. MTs¡T ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄Hêïs¡T. You were not sincere last year. MTs¡T ∫e] dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± ˝Òs¡T. 2 . 4 2 . 4 2 . 4 2 . 4 2 . 4B.S: I had been sincere at that time. H˚qT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄HêïqT. I had not been sincere at that time. H˚qT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝ÒqT. We had been sincere at that time. y˚TeTT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄HêïeTT. We had not been sincere at that time. y˚TeTT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝ÒeTT. They had been sincere at that time. yês¡T n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêïs¡T. They had not been sincere at that time. yês¡T n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Òs¡T. You had been sincere at that time. MTs¡T n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêïs¡T. www.paatashaala.in
87 You had not been sincere at that time. MTs¡T n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Òs¡T. He had been sincere at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêï&ÉT. He had not been sincere at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Ò&ÉT. She had been sincere at that time. ÄyÓT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄Hêïs¡T. She had not been sincere at that time. ÄyÓT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝…s¡T. It had been sincere at that time. n~ n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄qï~. It had not been sincere at that time. n~ n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ ˝Ò± e⁄+{≤qT. I shall not be sincere next year. H˚qT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&ÉqT. We shall be sincere next year. y˚TeTT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+{≤eTT. We shall not be sincere next year. y˚TeTT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&ÉeTT. He will be sincere next year. n‘·&ÉT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+{≤&ÉT. He will not be sincere next year. n‘·&ÉT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&É&ÉT. She will be sincere next year. ÄyÓT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+{~. She will not be sincere next year. ÄyÓT e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&ɱ e⁄+{~. It will not be sincere next year. n~ e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&É
88 They will be sincere next year. yês¡T e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+{≤s¡T. They will not be sincere next year. yês¡T e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&És¡T. You will be sincere next year. MTs¡T e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+{≤s¡T. You will not be sincere next year. MTs¡T e#˚à dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+&És¡T. 3 . 4 3 . 4 3 . 4 3 . 4 3 . 4B.S: I shall have been sincere at that time. H˚qT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+{≤qT. I shall have not been sincere at that time. H˚qT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+&ÉqT. We shall have been sincere at that time. y˚TeTT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+{≤eTT. We shall have not been sincere at that time. y˚TeTT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+&ÉeTT. He will have been sincere at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+{≤&ÉT. He will have not been sincere at that time. n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+&É&ÉT. She will have been sincere at that time. ÄyÓT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+{~. She will have not been sincere at that time. ÄyÓT n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+&ɱ e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+{~. It will have not been sincere at that time. n~ n|ü⁄&ÉT ìwüÿfi¯+ø£eTT>± e⁄+≥÷H˚ e⁄+&É
89 1.4.B.S: Has the Prime Minister been efficient since 2014.? Yes, The Prime Minister has been efficient since 2014. No, The Prime Minister hasn’t been efficient since 2014. 2.1.B.S:Was the Prime Minister efficient in 2014? Yes, the Prime Minister was efficient in 2014. No, the Prime Minister wasn’t efficient in 2014. 2.4.B.S: Had the Prime Minister been efficient at that time? Yes, the Prime Minister had been efficient at that time. No, the Prime Minster hadn’t been efficient at that time 3.1.B.S: Will the Prime Minister be efficient next year? Yes, the Prime Minister will be efficient next year. No, the Prime Minister will not be efficient next year. 3.4.B.S: Will the Prime Minister have been efficient at that time. Yes, the Prime Minister will have been efficient at that time. No, the Prime Minister will not have been efficient at that time. 2.B.S: You are active. 1.1.B.S: Are you active? Yes, we are active.(Yes, we are) No, we aren’t active.(No, we aren’t) 1.4.B.S: Have you been active since 7.15pm? Yes, we have been active since 7.15pm. No, we haven’t been active since 7.15pm. 2.1.B.S: were you active yesterday? Yes, we were active yesterday. No, we weren’t active yesterday. 2.4.B.S: Had you been active at that time? Yes, we had been active at that time. No, we hadn’t been active at that time. 3.1.B.S: Will you be active tomarrow? Yes, we shall be active tomarrow. No, we shall not active tomarrow. 3.4.B.S: Will you have been active at that time? Yes, we shall have been active at that time. No, we shall not have been active at that time. DO THIS WORK FOR YOUR PRACTICE 1. The system is perfect. 2. Our leaders are committed www.paatashaala.in
90 THE CORRECT USE OF SOME PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITION: PRE( BEFORE) + POSITION( PLACE) Prepositions are used before nouns and pronouns to indicate the relation between those nouns or pronouns and the rest of the sentence. 1. Confident of (qeTàø£eTT), Over confident of (n‹ qeTàø£eTT) 1.1 B.S: Are they confident of themselves? 2. Confidence in( $XÊ«düeTT, qeTàø£eTT) 1.1 A.V: Do they have a lot of confidence in themself? 3. Capable of(kÕeTs¡ú´eTT>∑\) 1.1 B.S: He is capable of running that bussiness alone. 4. Capability for(kÕeTs¡ú´eTT) 1.1 A.V: He has enough capability for running that bussiness. 5. Access to( n+∑s¡«+>± e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.1B.S: Is he vain of his incrediable(unbeleavable) achivements www.paatashaala.in
91 Incrediable = qeTà>∑÷&Éì 10. Affectionate to(ÄbÕ´j·T‘·‘√ ≈£L&çq) 1.1B.S: They are affectionate to us. 11.Affection for(ÄbÕ´j·T‘·) 1.1A.V: They have a lot of affection for us. 12. Sympathitic to(kÕqTuÛÑ÷‹‘√ ≈£L&çq) 1.1B.S: We are very sympathitic to physically and mentally challenged(handicaped) people. 13. Sympathy for, Commiseration for ( kÕqTuÛÑ÷‹) 1.1 A.V: We have a lot of sympathy for the downtrodden (backward) sectors of the society. 14. Sympathise with, Commiserate with(kÕqTuÛÑ÷‹ #·÷|ü&ÉeTT) 1.1A.V: Do you sympathise with natural calamity victims? Calamity = Å|üø£‹ yÓ’|ü]‘·´eTT 15. Fond of (ÇwüºeTT‘√ ≈£L&çq) 1.1B.S: Are you fond of non-vegetarian dishes? 16. Fondness for, Liking for(ÇwüºeTT) 1.1A.V: Do you have a lot of fondness for sweets? 17.Dislike to, Aversion to, Repugnance to(nsTTwüºeTT) 1.1A.V: She has a lot of aversion to physics. 18.Commensurate with(düe÷qeTT>± e⁄+&ÉT≥) 1.1B.S: Is his salary commensurate with his work? 19. Argue with,comflict with (yê~+#·T) 1.3 A.V: They have unnecessarily argued with the receptionist. 20.Co-operate with(düVü≤ø±s¡eTT) 2.1A.V: Did your room mates co-operate with you in your studies last week? 21. Clash with, Quarrel with, bicker with,wrangle with (m~]+#·T≥) 1.3A.V: Has he quarrelled with the over a triffle(pity matter). Triffle = Pity matter(e´s¡úeTT>± Å|üe]ú+#·T≥) 22.Similar to, Akin to, Analogous to(e÷~]>±) 1.1B.S: This bomb blast is similar to the one which took place in Delhi last week. 23. Concentrate on(‘·
92 24. Beneficial to, Advantage to(ñ|üjÓ÷>∑ø£s¡+>± e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.1B.S: Yoga is benificial to health. 25. Injurious to(Vü‰ìø£s¡eTT) 1.1B.S: Cigarate smoking is injurious to health. 26. Advisable to(j·TTø£ÔyÓTÆq, Ä˝À∫+|ü∑TZ|ü&ÉT≥) 1.1B.S: Are they ashamed of their misbehaviour? 30. Interfare in, Middle in(CÀø£´eTT ø£*Z+#·T≥) 1.3 A.V: Why is the USA interfering in our internal matters? 31.Negligent in, neglectful of(ìs¡¢ø£åeTT>± e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.4 B.S: Why have those employes been negligent in their duties for nearly three weeks. 32.Awake of, Sensible of (‘Ó\TdüTø=ì e⁄+&É&É+) 1.1 B.S: Is your friend awake of the postponement of the exams. 33. Collude with, Connive with, Conspire with(ø=eTTàø±#·T) 1.4.A.V: Have the MLA’s been colluding with liquor mafia since 2014? 34. Assent to (n+^ø±s¡eTT) 1.3A.V: Has the President given his assent to the cabinate recomendations? 35. Encourage to(±´s¡+{°>± e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.1 B.S: Is he sure of his success in that field? www.paatashaala.in
93 39. Doubt of (nqTe÷qeTT) 1.1 A.V: We don’t have any doubt of your integrity? Intigrity =eT+∫‘·qeTT 40. Incharge of(n~ø±s¡eTT >∑\) 2.1 B.S: Who was the incharge of your department last fortnight? fortnight = 15 s√E\T 41. Secret of (s¡Vü≤dü´eTT) 1.1 B.S: Planned hard work is the secret of success. 42. Key to(s¡Vü≤dü´eTT) 1.1 B.S: What is the key to your excellent success. 43. Alternate to (Å|ü‘ê´Hê´j·TeTT) 1.1B.S: Is there any alternate to systamatic hard work for achieving success? 44. Alternate with(Å|ü‘ê´Hê´j·TeTT) 1.1A.V: Do those two cases alternate with each other? 45. Sensitive to(düTìï‘·eTT>± e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.1.B.S: Are they sensitive to criticism? 46. Adjacent to(Å|üø£ÿH˚ e⁄+&É≥eTT) 1.1B.S: That temple is Adjacent to our home. 47. Greed of, Avaricious of (n‘ê´wü‘√ ≈£L&çq) 1.4 B.S: How they been greedy of wealth for several years? 48.Greediness for, Avarice for(n‘ê´wü) 2.1 A.V: Did they have a lot of greediness for wealth last year? 49. Addicted to (u≤ìdü, ± e⁄+&ÉT) 1.1 B.S: Are many people disenchanted with the scam-ridden government? Scam-ridden = kÕÿyéT˝À e⁄+&É&ÉeTT) 53. Popular for, Prominent for, Famous for, Emminant for 1.4B.S:That doctor has been emminant for conducting surgeries. www.paatashaala.in
94 DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH ˇø£ Speaker jÓTTø£ÿ e÷≥\qT eTqeTT ¬s+&ÉT $± Report #˚j·Te#·TÃ. 1.Direct Speech 2. Indirect Speech. DIRECT SPEECH (D.S): ˇø£s¡T #Ó|æŒq e÷≥\qT @˝≤+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ #˚j·T≈£î+&É ñqï~ ñqï≥T¢>± eTs=ø£]øÏ #Ó|üŒ&Üìï Direct Speech (Å|ü‘·´ø£å dü+uÛ≤wüD) n+± ≈£î+&É e÷s¡TŒ\T, #˚s¡TŒ\T #˚dæ eTs=ø£]øÏ #Ó|üŒ&Üìï Indirect Speech (|üs√ø£å dü+uÛ≤wüD) n+
95 He said to me, “ What are you doing?” He asked me what i was doing. The policeman said to us, “ Where are you going?” The policeman enquired where we were going. Rama said to Arjun,” Go away”. Rama ordered Arjun to go away. He shouted,” Let me go”. He shouted at them to let him go. DIRECT SPEECH yêø±´ìï >∑Ts¡TÔ+#·T $∑Ts¡TÔ+#·T $∑Ts¡TÔ+#·T $∑Ts¡TÔ+#·T $∑Ts¡TÔ+#·T $
Direct Speech Indirect Speech say say says says say to Tell says to Tells Reporting Verb Past Tense ˝À e⁄qï|ü⁄&ÉT á ÅøÏ+~ Table ˝§ e÷~]>± e÷s¡TqT. Direct Speech Indirect Speech Said Said Said to Told Told Told Rule No.3: yÓTT± e÷sêÃ*. 96 Rule No.2: yÓTT± e÷s¡TqT. www.paatashaala.in
97 CHANGES IN TENSES DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Simple Present (1.1) Simple Past (2.1) Present Continuous(1.2) Past Continuous(2.2) Present Perfect (1.3) Past Perfect (2.3) Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous(1.4) Continuous(2.2) Simple past (2.1) Past Perfect (2.3) Past continuous(2.2) Past Perfect Continuous(2.2) NOTE : Future tense ˝À e⁄qï Shall nqT Auxiliary Verb “Should”>±qT, Will nH˚ Auxiliary Verb “Would” >±>±ì“Should” >±>±ì e÷]b˛e⁄qT. RuleNo.6: Extra Words n+fÒ now, this,those, today, tomarrow, yesterday etc.qT e÷sêÃ*. ñ
98 Examples : 1. D.S: She said, “ I sing songs”. I.S : She said that she sings songs. 2. D.S: They said, “ We watch movies ”. I.S : She said that they watch movies. 3. D.S: She said, “ I sing songs”. I.S : She said that she sings songs. 4. D.S: He said, “ I am watching T.V. now”. I.S : He said that he was watching T.V. then. 5. D.S: She said to him, “ I am waiting for you”. I.S : She told him that she was waiting for him. 6. D.S: They said, “ We have applied for Intermediate course”. I.S : They said that they had applied for Intermediate course. 7. D.S: She said, “ I purchased new books last year ”. I.S : She said that she had purchased new books the previous year. 8. D.S: We said to our teacher, “ We met the H.M. yesterday”. I.S : We told our teacher that we had met the H.M. the previ ous day. 9. D.S: Raju said to Ramesh, “ I will go to hyderabad tomarrow”. I.S : Raju told Ramesh that he would go to hyderabad the following day. 10. D.S: Raju said to Sita, “ I will meet my uncle next week”. I.S : Raju told Sita that he would meet his uncle the follow ing week. www.paatashaala.in
99 DO THIS WORK FOR YOUR PRACTICE CHANGE THE SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH. 1. “ You have all done very badly!” remarked the teacher. 2 . They wrote,“ It is the time we thought about settle the matter. 3. She wrote,“ I am waiting for son’s return”. 4. “What do you want?” he said to her. 5. He said, “ How is your father?” 6. “ Bring me a drink of milk”, said the swami to the villagers. 7. “ Sit down, boys”, said the teacher. 8. The teacher said to him, “ Do not read slowly”. 9. He said to me, “ Wait until I ccome”. 10. “ How smart you are?” she said. 11. He told me to ,“ I have often told you not to play with fire”. 12. “ What do you want?” he said to her. 13. Thr teacher promised, “ If you will come before school tomorrow, I will explain ie”. 14. He said to me ,“ I don’t believe you”. 15. He said, “ ?my master is writing letters”. www.paatashaala.in
100 Question tag is a phrase( a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit) such as isn’t it? or don’t you? that you add to the end of a statement in in order to turn into a question. Helping Positive Question tag Negative Question tag verbs Am Am I ? Aren’t I ? Is Is she / he / it Isn’t She / He ? Are Are they / we / you ? Aren’t they /we/ you? Do Do you / I/ They/ We ? Don’t you/ I/ they/we? Does Does she/ he/it ? Doesn’t she/ he/ it ? Was Was she/ he/ you/ I ? wasn’t she/ he/you/I ? Were Were they/ we/ you ? weren’t they/ we/ you? Have Have you/ I/ we/ they? Haven’t they/we/ you? Has Has she/ he/ it ? Hasn’t she/ he/ it ? Will will she/ he/ it ? Won’t she/ he/ it ? Would would you /she/he/ it ? wouldn’t you/she/he/it ? Examples:- 1. The children are playing, aren’t they ? 2. Hyderabad is an old city, isn’t it? 3. He speaks English fluently, doesn’t he ? 4. Hello! You are Ramu, aren’t you ? QUESTION TAGS www.paatashaala.in
101 Able = Capable, Clever Accept = to take, to recieve Advise = to inform, to give an opinion Appear = to come before, to Attend = at upon, accompany, present Attack = assail, assault Bear = carry, support, produce Begin = commence, start Behave = conduct, treat Belong = Manner, own, possess Bless = consecrate, make happy Calm = quiet, silent Care = anxiety, pains, heed, charge Carry = convey, transport Capture = Chance, opportunity, risk, fortune Chief = Head or principal person, important Clean = pure, neat, tidy Concern = interest, affair Confere = admit, own, acknowledge Deny = reject, disown Decay = rot, decompose Defend = protect, suport, help, depend, live on, rely on Devote = set a part, worship Dupe = deceive, cheat Easy = comfortable, not difficult, moderate Enough = sufficient, adequate Effort = endeavour, attempt, struggle End = limit, death Engage = order, hire, atract, occupy Excite = rouse up, stimulate Expose = disclose, ridicule Extent = size, reach, compass Faint = swoon, spiritless Fair = beautiful, handsome, spotless SYNONYMS www.paatashaala.in
102 Fatal = distructive, ruinous, deadly Favour = esteem, kindness, goodwill Finish = complete, kill, polish Fit = adapt, adjust, benefit Forecast = predict, foresight Fortune = chance, fate, wealth Gain = advantage, profit Gather = assemble, collect, pluck Gentry = the upper class of society Grandeur = greatness, splendour Guilt = sin, criminality Haughty = arrogant, proud Hide = conceal, disguise Homage = deference, reverence Image = statue, bust Imagination = idea, fancy, invention Inferior = subordinate, secondary Justice = impartiality, judge Knock = blow, rap, stroke Lag = stay behind, last Living = active, vigorous, livelihood Lose = waste, forfeit Maintain = support, depend, continue Menace = threat, danger Misery = distress, misfortune Naked = unclothed, bare Obstinate = stubborn, disobedient, unyielding Offensive = disgusting, annoying Passage = entrance, exit, journey Perfect = pure, complete Pious = religious, devout Prase = tribute, applause, benefit Ruin = overthrow, downfall splendid = magnificent, famous, brilliant Vast = spacious, boundless space, sea www.paatashaala.in
103 Accept x Reject Ancient x Modern allow x Disallow Arrival x Departure Acquit x convict Audible x Inaudible Attack x Defend Affirm x Deny Ancestor x Descendant Ancient x Modern Allow x Disallow Arrival x Departure Attack x Defend Attract x Repel Advance x Recede Belief x Doubt Bold x Timid Blunt x Sharp Bravery x Cowardice Bright x Dull Care x Neglect Carnal x Spiritual Certain x Uncertain Cheap x Costly Cheerful x Gloomy Clean x Dirty Clear x vague Confess x Deny Compulsory x Optional Correct x Incorrect Create x Destoy Creditor x Debitor Dawn x Dusk Deep x Shallow Decrease x Increase Defence x Offence Democracy x Autocracy Encourage x Discourage Exclude x Include Expand x Contract External x Internal False x Truth, Fact Famous x Obscure Foreign x Native Full x Empty Fresh x Stale Gain x Loss Gaint x Dwarf Gather x Scatter Guilty x Innocent Happiness x Misery Hate x Love Heaven x Hell High x Low Honest x Dishonest Hope x Despair Homogeneous x Heterogeneous Hurt x Heal Imaginary x Real Import x Export Insert x Extract Junior x Senior Just x Unjust Knowledge x Ignorance Kind x Cruel Lead x Follow ANTONYMS www.paatashaala.in
104 Legal x Illegal Major x Minor Many x Few Maximum x Minimum Meek x Proud Merit x Demerit ]Miser x Spendthrift Natural x Artificial Negative x Positive Orthodox x Heterodox Peace x War Perfect x Imperfect Praise x Detract Promote x Demote Public x Private Punish x Reward Right x Wrong Rough x Smooth Short x Long Smile x Frown Straight x Crooked Strange x Familiar Subjective x Objective Suspect x Trust Superior x Inferior Swallow x Vomit Sympathy x Apathy Synonym x Antonym Thick x Thin Tight x Loose Top x Bottom True x False Ugly x Beautiful Victory x Defeat Wide x Narrow Wise x Foolish- www.paatashaala.in
105 PRONUNCIATION (ñ#êäs¡D) Ç+^¢wt uÛ≤wü jÓTTø£ÿ dü«uÛ≤eeTT ã{Ϻ Ä uÛ≤wü ñ#êÃs¡D ˝À ø=ìï Å|ü‘˚´ø£ \ø£åD≤\T >∑\e⁄. Åø£eTeT>∑T ñ#êÃs¡D n\es¡T#·Tø=qT≥≈£î Ä Å|ü‘˚´ø£ $wüj·÷\T Å>∑Væ≤+|üe\dæ j·TT+&ÉTqT. Ç+^¢wt uÛ≤wü˝À n#·TÃ\T(Vowels) 5 n$ a,e,i,o,u \T ø±ì n$ 15 es¡≈£î Vowel Sounds (
106 1. Consonant / Vowel. 2. Consonant / Consonant. 3. Vowel / Vowel NOTE: Çø£ÿ&É >∑eTì+#· $wüj·TeTT @eTq>± Vowel Sound n+{≤eTT n+fÒ Vowel ø±
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108 EXAMPLE Sounds like Wouldn’t you? Wooden chew? Shouldn’t I? Shudn nai? Won’t he? Woe knee? Wouldn’t he? wooden knee? Isn’t he? Is a knee? Isn’t it? Is a nit? Doesn’t it? Duzza nit? Aren’t I? Are nai? Won’t you? Wone chew? Don’t you? Done chew? Can’t you? Can chew? Could you? Cujoo? Would you? Wujoo? xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx COLLOQUIAL REDUCTION AND LIAISONS: EXAMPLE SOUNDS LIKE I have got to go. I’v gootta go, I have got a book. I’v gotta book. Do you want to banana? Wannna banana? Let me in. Lemme in. Let me go. Lemme go. I’ll let you know. I’ll Letcha know. Did you do it? Dija do it? Not yet. Na chet I’ll meet you latter. I’ll meechu layder What do you think? Whaddyu think. How did you like it? Howja like it> When did you get it? When ju geddit? What are you doing? Whatcha doin’? How is it going? Howzit going? Don’t you get it? Doancha geddit? I don’t know. I dunno www.paatashaala.in
109 POWER ENGLISH MINI STORY LESSONS 1.A WISE KING Vikramaditya was a wise king. On one sunday two women came tothe king. They were sisters and their names were Sita and Laxmi. They brought a baby boy with them. Sita told the king the baby boy was hers, Laxmi also said so. The king was puzzled. He thought for a while and asked one soldier to bring a sword. Then he told the soldier to cut the baby boy into two and give one half each to sita and laxmi. Sita didn’t want her baby boy to die. She cried allot. The king understood that sita was the real mother of baby boy. He got angry with laxmi and wanted to punish her.But sita begged the king to forgive her sister. The king agreed. Sita and Laxmi went happily. ----- ----- ----- Note: You read this mini story lesson many times you can. Here I take the small part of a story as a statement and I prepare some questions on it as well as I provided answers also. Pre read the story and peruse it clearly how the questions and answers are prepared once you notice them. Lets begin........... Vikramaditya was a wise king. 1.What was the king’s name? Vikramaditya. The king name was Vikramaditya. 2. What kind of king vikramaditya? Wise. He was a wise king. 3.Who was the wise king? Vikramaditya. Vikramaditya was a wise king. 4. Who was the king? Vikramaditya. The king was Vikramaditya. On one sunday two women came tothe king. They were sisters and their names were Sita and Laxmi. They brought a baby boy with them. 5. What happened on sunday? Two women came to the king. 6. How many women came to the king? Two women. Two women came to the king. www.paatashaala.in
110 7. What were the names of the two women? Laxmi and Sita. The two women names were Laxmi and Sita 8.What was the relationship between the women ? Sisters. They were sisters. 9. On one sunday who came to the king? Two sisters. On one suday two sisters came to the king. 10. What did they bring with them? Baby boy. They brought a baby boy with them. 11. Was baby boy or baby girl? baby boy. The baby was baby boy. 12. Why they were brought the baby boy to the king?(guess) To complain. They brought the baby boy to the king to complain. Sita told the king the baby boy was hers, Laxmi also said so. The king puzzled(∫ø±≈£î|ü&ÉT≥) . He thought for a while and asked one soldier to bring a sword. Then he told the sol- dier to cut the baby boy into two and give one half each to sita and laxmi. 13. What did Sita tell to the king? Sita told that the baby boy was hers. 14. What did Laxmi Laxmi tell to the king ? Laxmi told that the baby boy was hers. 15. Who was puzzled? The king. The king was puzzled. 17.Who thought for a while? The King. The king thought for a while. 18. Whom he told to bring a sword? Soldier. The king told a soldier to bring a sword. 19.Who said to bring a sword to soldier? The King. The king vikramaditya. 20. What the king ordered to do with the sword? Cut the baby boy. He oreded to cut the baby boy into two. 21. What was said the king after cut of baby boy? Give half each others. The king said give half each sita and laxmi. www.paatashaala.in
111 Sita didn’t want her baby boy to die. She cried allot. The king understood that sita was the real mother of baby boy. He got angry with laxmi and wanted to punish her.But sita begged the king to forgive her sister. The king agreed. Sita and Laxmi went happily. 22. Who didn’t want the baby to die? Sita. Sita didn’t want the baby boy to die. 23. What did Sita do? Cried allot. Sita was cried allot. 24. Why did Sita cry? She didn’t want the baby to die, So she cried. 25. Who didn’t cry? Laxmi. Laxmi didn’t cry. 26.Who understood that Sita was the real mother? The king. The king understood that Sita was the real mother. 27. How could the king justified that Sita was the real mother? Sita Cried and laxmi didn’t cry. So the king could justify. 28.Was sita the real mother? yes, She was. 29.Was laxmi the real mother? No, Shewasn’t. 30. Who got angry? The king. The king got angry. 31. Whom the king want to punish? Laxmi. The king want to punish Laxmi. 32. Why the king want to punish Laxmi? lied. She lied before the king. 33.Who begged the king? Sita. Sita begged the king. 34.What for Sita begged the king ? Forgive. To forgive her sister. 35. Did the king agree? Yes, The king agreed to forgive the Laxmi. 36.Were the two sisters happy finally? Yes, They were. 37. What moral you get from the story? “ Wisdom can solve many problems” or “Honesty always wins” www.paatashaala.in
112 2.NO GAINS WITHOUT PAINS Once there lived an old farmer. He was a hard working man. But his sons were idle and useless. The former was anxious about his sons. When he was lying in his bed he thought of teaching his sons a good lesson to make them near his bed and told them that in one part of his property there was a hidden treasure. These were the last words of the former to his sons. Soon after the death of the former, the sons took spades and dug all the fields. But no treasure was found. This made them learn a lesson, “ No gains without pain”. This encouraged them to sow the fields with different kind of seeds.Thereafter they lived happily from what they got from their fields by their hard work. ------ ------ ------- - ------ ----- ----- Note: You read this mini story lesson many times you can. Here I take the small part of a story as a statement and I prepare some questions on it as well as I provided answers also. Pre read the story and peruse it clearly how the questions and answers are prepared once you notice them. Lets begin........... Once there lived an old farmer. He was a hard working man. But his sons were idle and useless. The former was anxious about his sons...........................hard work 1. How was the farmer ? He was an old farmer. 2. What kind of a man was the farmer ? He was a hard working man. 3. Who was the hard working man ? The farmer. The farmer was the hard working man. 4. Who was old man ? The farmer. The farmer was an old man. 5. Does farmer have sons or girls ? Sons. The farmer has sons. 6. How many sons have the farmer ?( Guess 2) Two. The farmer has two adult sons. 7. Can you guess the name’s of sons ? One son name was_________ and anothe was___________ www.paatashaala.in
113 8. How was farmer sons ? Idle and useless. The farmer sons were idle and useless. 9. Was the farmer happy with his sons ? No. He wasn’t happy with thier sons. 10.Why was the farmer not happy with his sons ? They were lazy. 11. When did he want to teach a lesson ? When he was lying in his bed. 12. What did he do teach a lesson ? He revealed a secret about the tresure. 13. What were the last words of the farmer ? One part of his property there was a hidden treasure. 14. What happend to the farmer soon after revealing the secret of treasure? He died. 15. What did the sons do after the death of the farmer ? The sons dug all the fields. 16. Were the sons successful ? No.They weren’t. 17. What did they find in the field ? Nothing. They found nothing. 18. How did the search help the sons ? They dug all the fields which enable them to sow seeds and grow crops. 19. What lesson did they learn from the dugging ? “NO GAIN WITHOUT PAIN” 20. Were they happy al last ? Though they have not got anything , the felt very happy with digging because they got crop. 21. What should be needed to gain something ? Pain. 22. Who encouraged the sons to sow the fields ? The intrest in searching for treasure. 23. What did the farmaer think when he was lying on the bed ? The old farmer Thought of teaching a lesson. 24. What is moral which we can learn from the above story ? Without pain we cannot get anything. www.paatashaala.in
114 MAMA’S BOYS Rani recently retired from her job of 23 year. Because she retired, Rani has less money than she used to. She has enough money for herself, but she has a problem. She has 2 sons. One is 23 and the other is 26. Both sons work. However, they both live at home with their mom. They eat her food and expect her to cook for them. They also expect Rani to clean their rooms. The boys never do any chores at all. Also, they don’t pay for food or anything else. In short, they are mama’s boys. Note: You read this mini story lesson many times you can. Here I take the small part of a story as a statement and I prepare some questions on it as well as I provided answers also. Pre read the story and peruse it clearly how the questions and answers are prepared once you notice them. Lets begin........... Rani recently retired from her job of 23 years. 1. Is Rani working now ? No, She is not working now. She retired from her job. 2. How long had Rani worked at her job ? 23 years. Rani had worked at her job for 23 years. 3. When did she retired ? Recently. She recently retired from her job. 4. Did she retired a long time ago ? No. Not a long time ago, She retired recently. 5. What did she retired From ? Her job. Her job of 23 years. 6. Who retired from her job at 23 years ? Rani. Rani retired from her job at 23years Because she retired, Rani has less money than she used to. She has enough money for herself, but she has a problem. She has 2 sons. One is 23 and the other is 26. Both sons work. However, they both live at home with their mom. 7. Does Rani noe have a lot of money? No, She doesn’t have lot of money. www.paatashaala.in
115 8. Did Rani have more money in the past ? She had more money in the past. 9. Why did she have more money before ? Because she was working. She had more money in the past. 10. Did she used to have more money or less money ? She used to have more money but now she have less money. 11. Why did she have less money ? Because she retired from her job. 12. Who used to have more money ? Rani. Rani used to have more money. 13. Can she pay for food ? Yes, She has enough money for herself, She can buy food. 14. Does she have enough money for other people ? No, She doesn’t have enough money for other people, She only have enough money for herself. 15. Why does she only have enough money for herself ? Because she retired from her job. 16. Who has a problem ? Rani. Rani has a problem. 17. What is Rani’s problem ? Rani’s problem is her 2 sons. 18. Does she have boys or does she have girls ? Two boys. She has two boys. 19. Does she have enough money for her two boys ? No, She doen’t have enough money for her two boys. 20. Who has 2 sons ? Rani. Rani has 2 sons. 21. How old is the olkdest son ? The oldest son is 26. 22. How old is the youngest son ? The youngest son is 23. 23. What is the youngest son’s name ?( Guess: Raju) The youngest son’s name is Raju. 24. What is the oldest son’s name ? (Guess: Ramu) The oldest son’s name is Ramu. 25. Does Raju has a job ? Yes, He has a job. www.paatashaala.in
26. Where does Raju live ? He lives with his mother. 27. Where does Ramu live ? He also lives with his mother. 28. Whose food to they eat ? They eat Rani’s food. 29. Does Raju have money ? Yes, He has a job. He had money. 30. Does Ramu have money ? Yes, He also has a job and money. They eat her food and expect her to cook for them. They also expect Rani to clean their rooms. The boys never do any chores at all. Also, they don’t pay for food or anything else. In short, they are mama’s boys. 31. What do Raju and Ramu expect ? They expect her to cook for them and clean their rooms. 32. Do Raju and Ramu helps Rani clean the house ? No, Never Raju and Ramu never helps Rani clean the house. Only Rani cleans the house. 33. Do Raju and Ramu helps Rani cook ? No, Never Raju and Ramu never helps Rani cook. 34. Do Raju and Ramu give money to Rani ? No, Never Raju and Ramu give money to her. 35. Do the boys do any chores her all ? They never any chores in the house. CHORES= WASHING DISHES, CLEAN THE HOUSE 36. Whose house is it ? Its Rani’s house. They live in Rani’s house. 37. Are Raju and Ramu children ? No, They are not children. They are adults. 38. Who are mama’s boys ? Raju and Ramu are mama’s boys 39. Mama’s boys means ? A boy who depends on his mother too much, not independent. 116 www.paatashaala.in
